Ketema LP flooded designs allow boiling of refrigerant inside the shell. Used widely in ammonia applications, flooded evaporators typically feature steel construction for low cost. Most flooded designs include a separate vapor disengagement chamber welded to the main heat exchanger shell. Flooded evaporators can be more energy efficient than direct expansion designs in multiple compressor systems. Vessels can be built to 60" in diameter for large duties. Flooded evaporators can be designed to achieve very close approach temperatures between the shell-side refrigerant and tube-side liquid.